ADDITIONAL QUESTIONS :
I. Answer the following questions in one sentence each :
1. What made Britain the foremost industrial nation in the nineteenth century ?
Ans: Mechanised way of production of cotton textiles made Britain the foremost industrial nation .
2. Which two industries played a significant role for the industrial revolution in the modern world ?
Ans: Textiles and Iron and steel industry played a significant role for the industrial revolution in the modern world .
3. Why did Britain came to be known as ‘workshop of the world’ ?
Ans: Iron and steel industry started growing from the 1850’s in Britain; hence Britain came to be known as the ‘workshop of the world’ .
4. How did Britain earn profit ?
Ans: In the late eighteenth century the company was buying goods in India and exporting them to England and Europe, making profit through this sale. With the growth industrial production, British industrialists began to see India as a vast market for industrial products .
5. Which country did become the world’s largest producer of cotton around 1750 ?
Ans: Around 1750, before British conquered India. India became the world’s largest producer of cotton textiles .
6. What were the different types of clothes ordered ?
Ans: Among the pieces ordered in bulk were printed cotton cloths called chintz, cossaes (or khassa) and bandanna .
7. From where did the word chintz come from ?
Ans: It is derived from the Hindi word chhint, a cloth with small and colourful flowery designs .
8. Why was Indian textile famous ?
Ans: Indian textiles were known for their fine quality and exquisite craftsmanship .
9. Which cotton materials were more in demand in European countries ?
Ans: The printed cotton material called chintz, cossaes (or khassa) and bandanna were more in demand .
10. Why is material chintz different from bandanna material ?
Ans: Chintz is a cloth with small and colourful flowery designs whereas bandhana is referred to a variety of brightly coloured cloth produced through a method of tying and dying .
11. Who invented spinning jenny ?
Ans: In 1764, the spinning jenny was invented by John Kaye which increased the productivity of the traditional spindles .
12. Who invented the steam engine ?
Ans: Richard Arkwright in 1786 invented steam engine and revolutionized cotton textile industry .
13. How did foreign countries purchase cotton and silk textiles in India ?
Ans: The European trading companies, the Dutch, the French and the English made enormous profit out of this flourishing trade. These companies purchased cotton and silk textiles in India by importing silver .
14. Name the two household spinning implements .
Ans: The charkha and takli were the two household spinning implements .
15. Which two places emerged as important new centres of weaving in the late nineteenth century ?
Ans: Sholapur in western India and Madura in south India emerged as important new centres .
16. Who urged people to boycott imported textiles and use hand-spun and hand woven cloth ?
Ans: Mahatma Gandhi urged people to boycott imported textiles and use hand-spun and hand woven cloth .
17. What came to represent India ?
Ans: The charkha came to represent India, and it was put at the centre of the tricolour flag of the Indian National congress adopted in 1931 .
18. Who left us with an account of the technique by which Wootz steel was produced ?
Ans: Francis Buchanan was the person who left us with an account of the technique by which Wootz steel was produced .
19. In late nineteenth century iron and steel import was reduced ?
Ans: By the late nineteenth century iron and steel was being imported from Britain. Iron smiths in India began using the imposed iron to manufacture utensils and implements. This lowered the demand for iron produced by local smelters .
20. How was TISCO established ?
Ans: A large area of forests was cleared on the banks of the river Subarnarekha to set up the factory in an industrial area called Jamshedpur . Here TISCO began producing steel in 1912 .
II. Answer the following questions in about three sentences :
1. How was the trade of textiles carried out in India preserving the art of craftsman ?
Ans: i) Indian textiles had long been renowned both for their fine quality and exquisite craftsmanship .
ii) Cotton textiles were traded in Southeast Asia (Java, Sumatra and Penang) and west and central Asia .
iii) From the 16th century, European trading companies started buying Indian textiles for sale in Europe .
iv) Memories of this flourishing trade and the craftsmanship of Indian weavers are preserved in many words still current in English and other languages .
2. How did cotton textile come to be known as calico ?
Ans: i) European traders first encountered fine cotton cloth from India carried by Arab merchants in Mosul in present day Iraq .
ii) They began referring to all finely woven textiles as ‘muslin- a word that acquired wide currency .
iii) When Portuguese first came to India in search of species they landed in Calicut on the Kerala coast in south-west India. The cotton textiles which they took back to Europe along with the spices came to be called ‘Calico’ (derived from Calicut), and subsequently calico became the general name for all cotton textiles .
3. What do you mean by the word bandanna ?
Ans: i) The word bandanna now refers to any brightly coloured and printed scarf for the neck or head. Originally, the term derived from the word ‘bandhna’ (Hindi meaning tying), and referred to a variety of brightly coloured cloth produced through a method of tying and dying .
ii) There were other cloths in the order book that were noted by their place of origin , kasimbazar ,Patna, Calcutta , Orissa , charpoore . The widespread we of such words show how popular Indian textiles had become in different parts of the world .
4. Why did England began protesting against the import of Indian cotton textiles ?
Ans: i) Indian textiles/cloth was popular in England market like bandhna,chintz,cossaes(or khassa)
ii) Kasimbazar,Patna,Calcutta,Orissa,charpoore were their place of origin in India,were textile was produced .
iii) The widespread use of such words shows how popular Indian textiles had become in different parts of the world .
iv) By early eighteenth century, worried by the popularity of Indian textiles, wool and silk traders in England began protesting against the import of Indian cotton textiles .
5. Why were the Indian designs imitated and printed in England ?
Ans: i) In early 18th century textile industries had begun to develop in England.English producers were unable to compete with Indian textiles .
ii) The English producers wanted a secure market within the country by preventing the entry of Indian textiles .
6. How did the European trading companies make profit ?
Ans: i) Indian textiles continued to dominate world trade till the end of the eighteenth century .
ii) The European companies in countries like the Dutch, the French and the English made enormous profits out of this flourishing trade .
iii) These companies purchased cotton and silk textiles in India by importing silver.
iv) When the English East India Company gained political power it no longer had to import precious metal to buy Indian goods .
v) They collected revenue from the peasants and zamindars in India, and used this revenue to buy Indian textiles .
7. Who were the weavers ?
Ans: Weavers often belonged to communities that specialized in weaving . Their skills were passed on from one generation to the next . The tanti weavers of Bengal, the julahas or momin weavers of north India,sale and kaikollar and devangsof south India are some of the communities famous for weaving .
8. What were the steps of preparing cloth ?
Ans: i) The first stage of production was spinning a work done mostly by women .
ii) The charkha and the takli were household spinning instruments.The thread was spun on the charkha and rolled on the takli .
iii) When the spinning was over the thread was woven into cloth by the weaver .
iv) In most communities weaving was a task done by men.For coloured textiles, the thread was dyed by the dyer known as rangrez .
v) For printed cloth the weavers needed the help of specialist block printers known as chhipigars .
9.How were the textile producers in India affected by the cotton industries in Britain ?
Ans: i) Indian textiles had to compete with British textiles in European and American markets .
ii) Exporting textiles to England also became increasingly difficult since very high duties were imposed on Indian textiles imported from Britain .
10. How did Indian weavers lost their employment ?
Ans: i) By the beginning of nineteenth century, English made cotton textiles successfully ousted Indian goods from their traditional markets in Africa, America and Europe .
ii) Thousands of weavers in India were now thrown out of employment.
iii) Bengal weavers were the worst hit.English and European companies stopped buying Indian goods and their agents no longer gave out advances to weavers to secure supplies .
iv) Distressed weavers wrote petitions to the government to help them .
11. How did Charles weld and Dorabji Tota find iron ore ?
Ans: i) One day after travelling for many hours in the forests, weld and Dorabji came upon a small village and found a group of men and women carrying basket loads of iron ore .
ii) This people helped in reaching the hill after exhausted trek through dense forests . Finally found the iron ore .
III. Answer the following questions in about four sentences :
1. How did cotton textiles play a crucial role in England and Europe from 1680 onwards ?
Ans: i) From the 1680’s there started a craze for printed Indian cotton textiles in England and Europe mainly for their exquisite floral designs, fine texture and relative cheapness .
ii) Rich people of England including queen herself wore clothes of Indian fabric .
2. Why was the ‘Calico Act’ passed in Britain ?
Ans: i) By the 18th century, the wool, and silk makers in England were worried by the popularity of Indian textiles .
ii) They began protesting against the import of Indian cotton textiles .
iii) In 1720, the British government enacted a legislation banning the use of printed cotton textiles chintz in England.This act was known as the calico Act .
3. Why did handloom weaving not completely die in India ?
Ans: i) Some types of cloths could not be supplied by machines .
ii) Machines could not produce saris with intricate borders or cloths with traditional woven patterns .
iii) These had a wide demand not only among the rich but also among the middle classes but Britain did not produce coarse cloths used by the poor people in India .
4. What happened to weavers and spinners who lost their livelihood ?
Ans: i) Many weavers became agricultural labourers.
ii) Some migrated to cities in search of work,and yet others went out of the country to work in plantations in Africa and South America .
iii) Some of these hand loom weavers also found work in the new cotton mills that were established in Bombay, Ahmadabad , Sholapur , Nagpur and Kanpur .
5. Bombay had grown as an important port for export . Explain ?
Ans: i) Bombay had grown as an important port for the export of raw cotton from India to England and China .
ii) It was close to the vast black soil tract of western India where cotton was grown .
iii) By 1900, over 84 mills started operating in Bombay.Many of these were established by Parsi and Gujarathi businessmen who had made their money through trade with china .
6. Why did the textile industry in India face many problems in the first decade ?
Ans: i) It found it difficult to compete with the cheap textiles imported from Britain .
ii) In most countries governments supported industrialization by imposing heavy duties on import . This eliminated competition and protected infant industries .
iii) The colonial government in India refused such protection to local industries .
7. Why was Tipu Sultans sword so special ?
Ans: i) The sword had an incredibly hard a sharp edge that could easily rip through the opponents armour .
ii) This quality of the sword came from a special type of high carbon steel called Wootz which was produced all over south India .
iii) Wootz steel when made into swords produced a very sharp edge with a flowing water pattern .
8. How was Wootz steel produced ?
Ans: i) Wootz steel was produced in many hundreds of smelting furnaces in Mysore .
ii) In these furnaces, iron was mixed with charcoal and put inside small clay pots .
iii) Through an intricate control of temperatures the smelters produced steel ingots that were used for sword making not just in India but in west and central Asia too .
9. Indian wootz steel fascinated European scientists . Explain ?
Ans: i) Indian wootz steel fascinated European scientists,Michael Faraday, the legendary scientist and discoverer of electricity and electromagnetism, spend four years studying the properties of Indian wootz .
ii) The wootz steel making process, which was so widely known in south India, was completely lost by the mid-nineteenth century .
10. How did TISCO become the biggest steel industry during First World War ?
Ans: i) TISCO was set up when the situation was changing.In 1914 there was First World War which broke out and the steel produced in Britain had to meet the demands of the war in Europe .
ii) The imports of British steel into India declined and the Indian railways turned to TISCO for steel supplies .
iii) TISCO produced shells and carriage wheels for the war . By 1919 colonial government was buying 90 per cent of the steel from TISCO .