Class 10th ICSE

Group 15: Nitrogen Acid * In the laboratory, HNO3 is prepared by heating NaNO3 with concentrated H2SO4. On a commercial scale, HNO3 is prepared by Ostwald’s process. The steps are:    *  Catalytic oxidation of NH3 into NO    *  Oxidation of NO to NO2    *  Formation of HNO3 from NO2 * An aqueous ... Read more

Group 15: Nitrogen - Ammonia * Ammonia chloride, when heated with lime or caustic soda, evolves ammonia gas. 2NH4Cl + Ca(OH)2 +  → Δ   2NH3 + 2H20 + CaCl2 * Ammonia chloride Slaked Lime Ammonia water calcium chloride * In accordance with Le Chatelier’s principle, high pressure, high pressure and low temperature favours the better ... Read more

Group 17: Chlorine - Hydrogen Chloride * Hydrogen chloride is prepared in the laboratory by treating sodium chloride with concentrated sulphuric acid. 420K NaCl                    +                             H2SO4                ... Read more

* The Activity Series of metals refers to the arrangement of metals in decreasing order of their reactivity. * Reduction is the process in which metal oxides get reduced to metals by reducing agents like carbon, hydrogen, carbon monoxide, etc. * Metals at the bottom of the activity series are not reactive and can be ... Read more

Application of Electrolysis: Electro Refining * Electro refining is defined as the process by which an impure metal is purified electrolytically to obtain a pure metal. * In this method, the impure metal is cast into the anode and a strip of the same metal in its pure form is used as the cathode. * ... Read more

Ram and RMM * The Relative Atomic Mass or RAM of an element is the number of times an atom of that element is heavier than
th the mass of an atom of carbon- 12. * One atomic mass unit is defined as the mass equal to
 th of the mass of carbon- 12. ... Read more

Acids, Bases and Salts - Acids * Any substance that releases hydrogen ions when dissolved in water is an acid. * Acids obtained from food like curd, lemons, raw mango, citrus fruits and gooseberry are called organic acids. * Hydrochloric acid, sulphuric acid and nitric acid are called inorganic or mineral acids. Acids have the ... Read more

Metals and Non-Metals * Metals are elements that have a tendency to lose electrons and form positively charged ions or cations. * Elements that have a tendency to accept electron to form negatively charged ions or anions are called non- metals. * Metals are placed on the extreme left in the periodic table, while non-metals ... Read more