Chapter 3. Classification of Elements and Periodicity in properties

Need and Genesis of Classification * A periodic table helps classify all the known elements in rows and columns such that the periodicity in their properties becomes apparent. The periodic law defines this periodicity. * The classification of elements in a periodic table helps predict the properties of unknown elements. * Johann Dobereiner was the ... Read more

Chapter 2. Structure of Atom

Atomic Particles * Matter is made up of atoms that further consist of sub-atomic particles. * Sub-atomic particles are electrons, protons, and neutrons. *  Protons are positively charged, electrons are negatively charged and neutrons are neutral. * Protons and neutrons have mass equivalent to a Hydrogen atom whereas electrons has a negligible mass. * Protons ... Read more

Chapter 15. Waves

Introduction to waves * Waves are series of disturbances which propagate from a source to the surroundings or a destination. * Waves are classified into three types:    • Mechanical waves    • Electromagnetic waves    • Matter waves * Mechanical waves are governed by Newton’s laws and need a medium to propagate. * Electromagnetic ... Read more

Chapter 14. Oscillations

Periodic and oscillatory motions * Motion which repeats itself after a fixed interval of time is called periodic motion. * The to-and-fro motion of a body is called oscillatory motion. * All oscillatory motions are periodic motions. But every periodic motion need not be an oscillatory motion. * Simple harmonic motion is the to-and-fro motion ... Read more

Chapter 13. Kinetic Theory

Molecular nature of matter * Kinetic theory was developed successfully by Maxwell, Boltzmann Brown and others. * Kinetic theory explains the behavior of gases based on the idea that a gas consists of atoms or molecules which are in random motion. * Dalton’s atomic theory proposes that every element is made up of tiny particles ... Read more

Chapter 12. Thermodynamics

Thermal equilibrium and Zeroth law * Thermodynamics is the study of “exchange of ‘heat’ and ‘work’ between a system and its surrounding “, and the “resultant changes in the macroscopic variables of the said system”. * A thermodynamic system is an isolated body or a group of bodies with a well defined boundary. * The ... Read more