Class 12th

Introduction To Organisms And Its Environment * Ecology is a subject which studies the interactions among organisms and between the organism and its abiotic environment. * Ecology deals with four levels of biological organisation-organisms, populations, communities and biomes. * Each organism is surrounded by a host of abiotic and biotic components of the environment with ... Read more

Biotechnology Applications In Agriculture * Genetically engineered, crop-based agriculture increases food production and provides pest resistance. * Plants, bacteria, fungi and animals whose genes have been altered are called * Genetically Modified Organisms or GMOs. * GM plants have higher tolerance to abiotic stresses such as cold, drought, salt and heat. * GM plants increase ... Read more

Principles of Biotechnology * Biotechnology is a field of applied biology which utilises organisms or their enzymes to produce useful products for human beings. * Modern biotechnology arose from two core techniques, namely, genetic engineering and chemical engineering processes. * Genetic engineering techniques help isolate and select only desirable genes and avoid the transfer of ... Read more

Microbes In Household Products * Lactobacillus, also known as lactic acid bacteria (LAB), helps make curd from milk. * Microbes help in curing of tea, cheese and tobacco. * Different varieties of cheese are distinguished by their characteristic texture, flavour and taste, all of which depend on he choice of microbe used. * Microbes also ... Read more

Management of Dairy and Poultry Farms * Animal husbandry refers to the breeding and rearing of livestock. * Dairy farming refers to rearing animals for milk and milk products. * Dairy farm management refers to management methods used to increase the production of milk. * Proper sheltering, feeding and cleaning of cattle are required to ... Read more

Common Diseases * Health is regarded as a state of complete physical, mental and social well-being. * Infectious diseases are those that can e transmitted from one person to another. * Diseases can be caused y a variety of organisms such as bacteria or fungi. All diseasecausing organisms are called pathogens. * Some common pathogens ... Read more

Origin of Life * The origin of life is interlinked with the evolution of the earth, which is linked with the evolution of the universe. * The universe is vast and comprises many galaxies and is almost 20 billion years old. * The Big Bang Theory refers to a singular huge explosion which caused the ... Read more

Structure of DNA * Nucleic acids are made up of polynucleotide chains, which are formed by several nucleotides that make up the structure of the DNA when bonded together. * The length of DNA is defined by the number of nucleotides or pairs of nucleotides present in the DNA. * It was Friedrich Meischer who ... Read more