Notes

Chapter 6. Peasant and Farmers

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Agriculture in England * The agriculture system changed in England in the late eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries. * Until the eighteenth century, the countryside of England was open. * The common land was open to all villagers, and was used for a variety of daily activities. * The rich landlords enclosed lands by drawing ... Read more

Chapter 5. Pastoralists on the Modern World

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Movement of Pastoral Nomads * The nomads who live in the different terrains of India follow various seasonal movements to earn their livelihood. * There are different communities of nomadic pastoralists in India. * Nomadic pastoralists adjust their movement and activities according to the surrounding conditions to make a living. Colonial Rule and Pastoral Life ... Read more

Chapter 4. Forest Society and Colonialism

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Deforestation * Forests form an important part of our ecosystem and are beneficial to us in various ways. * Deforestation is the process of clearing of forests by removing trees through logging or burning. * Causes of deforestation are cultivation, timber for building ships, trains and railway line sleepers, plantations and the demand for fodder, ... Read more

Chapter 3. Nazism and the Rise of Hitler

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Nazism and the Rise of Hitler: An Introduction * Adolf Hitler was the leader of Germany from 1933 to 1945. * During Hitler’s government Germany was called Nazi Germany. * Nazi Germany followed a philosophy called Nazism, which promoted violent practices to restore German pride. * In 1939 Hitler attacked Poland to conquer more land ... Read more

Chapter 2. Socialism in Europe and the Russian Revolution

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Factors Leading to Socialism in Europe * Liberals and radicals wanted change in the social structure. * Conservatives realized that change was inevitable, however wanted it to be a gradual process. * The industrial revolution led to the formation of new cities, industrial regions and the expansion of the railway. * The working conditions were ... Read more

Chapter 1. The French Revolution

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French Society before the Revolution * King Louis XVI increased the debt of Paris by over 3 million livres. * French society was divided into three estates. * The middle class started questioning feudal privileges. * Owing to the economic and political situation, King Louis decided to convene the Estate General. Outbreak of the Revolution ... Read more

Chapter 15. Improvement in Food Resources

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Improvement of Crop Resources * Green revolution contributed to increased food grain production. * White revolution contributed to increased availability of milk. * The gradual increase in food production can be brought about by crop variety improvement, crop production improvement and crop protection management. * Crop variety improvement involves selecting a high yield crop variety ... Read more

Chapter 14. Natural Resources

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Natural Resources * The region where the atmosphere, hydrosphere and lithosphere interact and supports life is called biosphere. * Air is mixture of gases like nitrogen, oxygen, carbon dioxide and water vapour. * Water exists as seas and oceans on the Earth’s surface and as water vapour in the atmosphere. * Soil is a mixture ... Read more