Notes

Strength of Acids and Bases * Neutralisation is a chemical reaction in which an acid reacts with base to form salt and water. * An acid or base is strong or weak depending on the concentration of hydrogen and hydroxide ions. * The concentration of hydrogen ion in acids and bases can be measured using ... Read more

Introduction and Vital Force Theory * Carbon exhibits tetra valency. * Carbon has the ability to successively bond to other carbon atoms to form long chain. The property of carbon is called as catenation. * Carbon also forms covalent bonds with hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, sulphur and halogens. These complex carbon compounds are known as organic ... Read more

Group 15: Nitrogen Acid * In the laboratory, HNO3 is prepared by heating NaNO3 with concentrated H2SO4. On a commercial scale, HNO3 is prepared by Ostwald’s process. The steps are:    *  Catalytic oxidation of NH3 into NO    *  Oxidation of NO to NO2    *  Formation of HNO3 from NO2 * An aqueous ... Read more

Group 15: Nitrogen - Ammonia * Ammonia chloride, when heated with lime or caustic soda, evolves ammonia gas. 2NH4Cl + Ca(OH)2 +  → Δ   2NH3 + 2H20 + CaCl2 * Ammonia chloride Slaked Lime Ammonia water calcium chloride * In accordance with Le Chatelier’s principle, high pressure, high pressure and low temperature favours the better ... Read more

Group 17: Chlorine - Hydrogen Chloride * Hydrogen chloride is prepared in the laboratory by treating sodium chloride with concentrated sulphuric acid. 420K NaCl                    +                             H2SO4                ... Read more

* The Activity Series of metals refers to the arrangement of metals in decreasing order of their reactivity. * Reduction is the process in which metal oxides get reduced to metals by reducing agents like carbon, hydrogen, carbon monoxide, etc. * Metals at the bottom of the activity series are not reactive and can be ... Read more