(IN TEXT QUESTIONS) (Page: 47)
1: What are canal rays.
Ans: Canal rays are positively charged radiations. These rays consist of positively charged particles known as protons. They were discovered by Gold stein in 1886.
2: If an atom contains one electron and one proton, will it carry any charge or not
Ans: An electron is a negatively charged particle, whereas a proton is a positively charged particle. The magnitude of their charges is equal. Therefore, an atom containing one electron and one proton will not carry any charge. Thus, it will be a neutral atom.
(IN TEXT QUESTIONS) (Page 49)
1: On the basis of Thomson’s model of an atom, explain how the atom is neutral as a whole.
Ans: According to Thomson’s model of the atom, an atom consists of both negatively and positively charged particles. The negatively charged particles are embedded in the positively charged sphere. These negative and positive charges are equal in magnitude. Thus, by counter balancing each other’s effect, they make an atom neutral.
2: On the basis of Rutherford’s model of an atom, which subatomic particle is present in the nucleus of an atom
Ans: On the basis of Rutherford’s model of an atom, protons (positively charged particles) are present in the nucleus of an atom.
3: Draw a sketch of Bohr’s model of an atom with three shells.
Ans:
4: What do you think would be the observation if the α-particle scattering experiment is carried out using a foil of a metal other than gold
Ans: If the α-scattering experiment is carried out using a foil of a metal rather than gold, there would be no change in the observation. In the α-scattering experiment, a gold foil was taken because gold is malleable and a thin foil of gold can be easily made. It is difficult to make such foils from other metals.
(IN TEXT QUESTIONS) (Page 49)
1: Name the three sub-atomic particles of an atom.
Ans: The three sub-atomic particles of an atom are :(i) Protons (ii) Electrons, and (iii) Neutrons
2: Helium atom has an atomic mass of 4 u and two protons in its nucleus. How many neutrons does it have.
Ans: Helium atom has two neutrons. The mass of an atom is the sum of the masses of protons and neutrons present in its nucleus. Since helium atom has two protons, mass contributed by the two protons is (2 × 1) u = 2 u.
Then, the remaining mass (4 − 2) u = 2 u is contributed by 2u /1u = 2 neutrons.
(IN TEXT QUESTIONS) (Page 47)
1: Write the distribution of electrons in carbon and sodium atoms
Ans: The total number of electrons in a carbon atom is 6. The distribution of electrons in carbon atomis given by: First orbit or K-shell = 2 electrons Second orbit or L-shell = 4 electrons or, we can write the distribution of electrons in a carbon atom as 2, 4.
The total number of electrons in a sodium atom is 11.
The distribution of electrons in sodium atomis given by: First orbit or K-shell = 2 electrons Second orbit or L-shell = 8 electrons Third orbit or M-shell = 1 electron or, we can write distribution of electrons in a sodium atom as 2, 8, 1.
2: If K and L shells of an atom are full, then what would be the total number of electrons in the atom
Ans: The maximum number of electrons that can occupy K and L shells of an atom are 2 and 8 respectively. Therefore, if K and L-shells of an atom are full, then the total number of electrons in the atom would be (2 + 8) = 10 electrons.
(IN TEXT QUESTIONS) (Page 52)
1: How will you find the valency of chlorine, sulphur and magnesium
Ans: If the number of electrons in the outermost shell of the atom of an element is less than or equal to4, then the valency of the element is equal to the number of electrons in the outermost shell. On the other hand, if the number of electrons in the outermost shell of the atom of an element is greater than 4, then the valency of that element is determined by subtracting the number of electrons in the outermost shell from 8.
The distribution of electrons in chlorine, sulphur, and magnesium atoms are 2, 8, 7; 2, 8, 6 and 2,8, 2 respectively. Therefore, the number of electrons in the outer most shell of chlorine, sulphur and magnesium atoms are 7, 6, and 2 respectively.
Thus, the valency of chlorine = 8 −7 = 1.The valency of sulphur = 8 − 6 = 2.
The valency of magnesium = 2
(IN TEXT QUESTIONS) (Page 52)
1: If number of electrons in an atom is 8 and number of protons is also 8, then
(i) What is the atomic number of the atom and (ii) What is the charge on the atom
Ans: (i) The atomic number is equal to the number of protons. Therefore, the atomic number of the atom is 8. (ii) Since the number of both electrons and protons is equal, therefore, the charge on the atom is 0.
2: With the help of Table 4.1, find out the mass number of oxygen and sulphur atom.
Ans: Mass number of oxygen = Number of protons + Number of neutrons= 8 + 8= 16
Mass number of sulphur = Number of protons + Number of neutrons= 16 + 16 = 32
(IN TEXT QUESTIONS) (Page 53)
1: For the symbol H, D and T tabulate three sub – atomic particles found each of them.
Ans: Symbol Proton Neutron Electron
H 1 0 1
D 1 1 1
2: Write the electronic configuration of any pair of isotopes and isobars.
Ans: Two isotopes of carbon are 612 and 614
The electronic configuration of 612 is 2, 4.The electronic configuration of 614 is 2, 4.
[Isotopes have same electronic configuration]
2940 and 1840 are a pair of isobars
The electronic configuration of 2940 is 2, 8, 8, 2.
The electronic configuration of 1840 is 2, 8, 8.
[Isobars have different electronic configuration].