Working of Institutions – Major Policy Decisions
* There are three important institutions involved in major decisions, the legislature, the executive, and the judiciary.
* The legislature makes the laws, the executive implements them, and the judiciary resolves any disputes that may arise out of major policy decisions.
* Based on the Mandal Commission recommendations, a government order announces that 27 percent of vacancies in government jobs would be reserved for socially and Economically Backward Classes.
* Citizens opposed this order stating that it was biased and denied equal opportunity to deserving candidates.
Parliament and its Two House
* The parliament is the national assembly of elected representatives of the people.
* The Parliament can make and changes laws control how money is spent, and decides national issues.
* The Parliaments includes the Rajya Sabha (the council of states), and the Lok Sabha (the House of the people).
* The Parliament can have 802 members.
* The Rajya Sabha has 250 members. Twelve members are nominated by the President.
* Political and Permanent Executive- Powers of Prime Minister and his Council of Ministers and the President
* A group of functionaries is collectively called the executive.
* The executive has two parts: Political and permanent.
* The political executive consists of political leaders who are elected by the people for a specific term.
* The permanent executive has members who are appointed on a long- term basis.
* The political executive has the final say in all important decisions as they are the representative of the people.
* The political executive includes the Prime Minister and the council of Ministers.
The Judiciary
* People can approach the courts of law through a Public Interest Litigation.
* The courts can intervene to ensure that the government and its officials don’t misuse their powers.
* Judiciary acts as a guardian of the Fundamental rights.